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Experimental and Clinical... Oct 2016Bone allografts are widely being used in clinical practice for bone reconstruction. They are considered to be the most preferred alternative to bone autografts, mainly... (Review)
Review
Bone allografts are widely being used in clinical practice for bone reconstruction. They are considered to be the most preferred alternative to bone autografts, mainly due to their availability and the elimination of donor site morbidity. The risk of bacterial and viral disease transmission, albeit low, is one of the major concerns associated with bone allograft transplant. This review focuses on the epidemiologic and microbiologic aspects of bone allograft infections and the current prevention and treatment options. It also discusses the role of the regulatory authorities in ensuring the safety and efficacy of bone allografts.
Topics: Allografts; Bacterial Infections; Bone Transplantation; Donor Selection; Humans; Organ Preservation; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Tissue and Organ Harvesting; Treatment Outcome; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 27733106
DOI: No ID Found -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016Aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can be important pathogens in the immunocompromised host. These bacteria can be found in many environments, as part of... (Review)
Review
Aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can be important pathogens in the immunocompromised host. These bacteria can be found in many environments, as part of the normal microbiota of the human host and animals, in soil and water, on plants, on fomites in the hospital, and on hospital equipment. This review provides information from relevant studies about what are the most common aerobic bacteria associated with patients who have cancer and/or are being treated for it, or who have other diseases which lead to immunodeficiencies, such as HIV, multiple myeloma, aplastic anemia, chronic diseases, and aging. A discussion of the appropriate laboratory tests needed for diagnosis of aerobic infections and information about antibiotics and susceptibility testing are also included.
Topics: Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriological Techniques; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunocompromised Host
PubMed: 27726805
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0027-2016 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2010Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a necrotizing soft tissue infection that can cause rapid local tissue destruction, necrosis and life-threatening severe sepsis.... (Review)
Review
Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a necrotizing soft tissue infection that can cause rapid local tissue destruction, necrosis and life-threatening severe sepsis. Predisposing conditions for NF include diabetes, malignancy, alcohol abuse, and chronic liver and kidney diseases. NF is classified into two categories (types 1 and 2) based on causative microorganisms. The initial clinical picture of NF mimics that of cellulitis or erysipelas, including fever, pain, tenderness, swelling and erythema. The cardinal manifestations of NF are severe pain at onset out of proportion to local findings, hemorrhagic bullae and/or vital sign abnormality. In such cases, NF should be strongly suspected and immediate surgical intervention should be considered, along with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and general supportive measures, regardless of the findings of imaging tests.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Diabetes Complications; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Humans
PubMed: 20558917
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.2964 -
Microbiology Spectrum Nov 2018In infectious disease epidemiology, the laboratory plays a critical role in diagnosis, outbreak investigations, surveillance, and characterizing biologic properties of... (Review)
Review
In infectious disease epidemiology, the laboratory plays a critical role in diagnosis, outbreak investigations, surveillance, and characterizing biologic properties of microbes associated with their transmissibility, resistance to anti-infectives, and pathogenesis. The laboratory can inform and refine epidemiologic study design and data analyses. In public health, the laboratory functions to assess effect of an intervention. In addition to research laboratories, the new-generation molecular microbiology technology has been adapted into clinical and public health laboratories to simplify, accelerate, and make precise detection and identification of infectious disease pathogens. This technology is also being applied to subtype microbes to conduct investigations that advance our knowledge of epidemiology of old and emerging infectious diseases. Because of the recent explosive progress in molecular microbiology technology and the vast amount of data generated from the applications of this technology, this Curated Collection: Advances in Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases describes these methods separately for bacteria, viruses, and parasites. This review discusses past and current advancements made in laboratory methods used to conduct epidemiologic studies of bacterial infections. It describes methods used to subtype bacterial organisms based on molecular microbiology techniques, following a discussion on what is meant by bacterial "species" and "clones." Discussions on past and new genotyping tests applied to epidemiologic investigations focus on tests that compare electrophoretic band patterns, hybridization matrices, and nucleic acid sequences. Applications of these genotyping tests to address epidemiologic issues are detailed elsewhere in other reviews of this series. *This article is part of a curated collection.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; DNA, Bacterial; Disease Outbreaks; Genotyping Techniques; Humans; Microbiological Techniques; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Public Health
PubMed: 30387415
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.AME-0004-2018 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Mar 2011Bacterial and viral zoonotic infections comprise a practically endless, ever-expanding list of pathogens that have the potential to induce human disease of varying... (Review)
Review
Bacterial and viral zoonotic infections comprise a practically endless, ever-expanding list of pathogens that have the potential to induce human disease of varying severity, with varying means of transmission to humans (including vector-borne and foodborne agents) and of varying epidemiology. Not all theoretically zoonotic pathogens are truly zoonotic in practice, the prime example being influenza viruses; aviann H5N1 influenza remains strictly zoonotic, whereas novel H1N1 influenza displays an anthropocentric cycle that led to a pandemic, despite being of zoonotic origin. The burden of disease induced by zoonotic and viral pathogens is enormous: there are more than ten bacterial zoonoses, each of which affects hundreds of thousands patients annually, often leading to chronic infections and causing significant economic losses of a medical and livestock-related nature. Viral zoonotic agents are constantly emerging or re-emerging, and are associated with outbreaks of limited or expanded geographical spread: the typical trends of viral zoonotic infections, however, is to extend their ecological horizon, sometimes in an unexpected but successful manner, as in the case of West Nile virus, and in other instances less effectively, as was the case, fortunately, in the case of avian influenza. The majority of bacterial and viral zoonotic infections attract disproportionately low scientific and public health interest. Understanding their burden may allow for improved surveillance and prevention measures.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Global Health; Humans; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 21129102
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03441.x -
BMB Reports Nov 2021Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification found in all living organisms. This modification in bacterial pathogens plays a pivotal role in their... (Review)
Review
Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification found in all living organisms. This modification in bacterial pathogens plays a pivotal role in their infectious processes including pathogenicity, immune evasion, and host-pathogen interactions. Importantly, many key proteins of host immune systems are also glycosylated and bacterial pathogens can notably modulate glycosylation of these host proteins to facilitate pathogenesis through the induction of abnormal host protein activity and abundance. In recent years, interest in studying the regulation of host protein glycosylation caused by bacterial pathogens is increasing to fully understand bacterial pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on how bacterial pathogens regulate remodeling of host glycoproteins during infections to promote the pathogenesis. [BMB Reports 2021; 54(11): 541-544].
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Glycoproteins; Glycosylation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
PubMed: 34674797
DOI: 10.5483/BMBRep.2021.54.11.129 -
Molecular Cell Oct 2019For decades, mankind has dominated the battle against bacteria, yet the tide is slowly turning. Our antibacterial strategies are becoming less effective, allowing... (Review)
Review
For decades, mankind has dominated the battle against bacteria, yet the tide is slowly turning. Our antibacterial strategies are becoming less effective, allowing bacteria to get the upper hand. The alarming rise in antibiotic resistance is an important cause of anti-infective therapy failure. However, other factors are at play as well. It is widely recognized that bacterial populations display high levels of heterogeneity. Population heterogeneity generates phenotypes specialized in surviving antibiotic attacks. Nonetheless, the presence of antibiotic-insensitive subpopulations is not considered when initiating treatment. It is therefore time to reevaluate how we combat bacterial infections. We here focus on antibiotic persistence and heteroresistance, phenomena in which small fractions of the population are tolerant (persisters) and resistant to antibiotics, respectively. We discuss molecular mechanisms involved, their clinical importance, and possible therapeutic strategies. Moving forward, we argue that these heterogeneous phenotypes should no longer be ignored in clinical practice and that better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are urgently needed.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Viability
PubMed: 31626749
DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.028 -
Epigenetics Oct 2020The inappropriate use of antibiotics in man is driving to insurgence of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple drugs (MDR) representing a challenge in critical... (Review)
Review
The inappropriate use of antibiotics in man is driving to insurgence of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple drugs (MDR) representing a challenge in critical illness. The interaction of MDR bacteria with host cells can guide molecular perturbations of host transcriptional programmes involving epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms, mainly DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs leading to pathogen survival. Clinical evidence of epigenetic manipulation from MDR bacteria mainly arises from as well as , and infection suggesting possible biomarkers of disease. For example, DNA hypermethylation of E-cadherin (), upstream transcription factor 1/2 (), WW domain containing oxidoreductase (), and mutL homolog 1 () genes in gastric mucosa is correlated with malignancy suggesting useful biomarkers of early disease state. Moreover, upregulated circulating miR-361-5p, miR-889, miR-576-3p may be useful biomarkers to discriminate tuberculosis patients. Moreover, can indirectly induce H3 hyperacetylation leading to inflammation in human endothelial cells whereas excretes QS 2-AA to directly induce H3 deacetylation leading to bacterial persistence in human monocytes. Remarkably, epigenetic-sensitive drugs may aid to counteract MDR in clinical setting. Trichostatin A, a histone deacetyltransferase inhibitor (HDACi), leads to AMP β-defensin 2 () gene up-regulation in human epithelial cells suggesting a useful 'epi-therapy' for -induced intestinal diseases. We update on the most current clinical studies focusing on epigenetic changes involved in bacterial-host interactions and their putative role as biomarkers or drug targets to improve precision medicine and personalized therapy in critical illness and transplantation setting.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Critical Illness; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Epigenome; Epigenomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 32290755
DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1748918 -
International Journal of Hyperthermia :... Mar 2018Recovery from systemic or local bacterial infections can be lengthy and costly, with the clinical challenges being further complicated when bacteria acquire resistance... (Review)
Review
Recovery from systemic or local bacterial infections can be lengthy and costly, with the clinical challenges being further complicated when bacteria acquire resistance to current antibiotics. Hyperthermia offers new mechanisms for removing bacteria via ablation, or sensitising them to chemical agents. The first part of this review provides a background on the bacterial biofilms, their response to hyperthermia, and acquired resistance to antibiotics, followed by the clinical challenges they present in managing infections associated with soft tissues and biomedical implants. The second part of the review discusses the thermal modalities used to combat infections, including radiofrequency, ultrasound, high-intensity focussed ultrasound, microwave thermotherapy, and photothermal and magnetic nanoparticles (NP). The overall aim of this review is to demonstrate the tremendous potential of hyperthermia for mitigating bacterial infections and foster new research ventures to help remedy these challenging occurrences.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Humans; Hyperthermia, Induced
PubMed: 29498314
DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1369173 -
Annual Review of Medicine Jan 2018Recent advances in the field of infectious disease diagnostics have given rise to a number of host- and pathogen-centered diagnostic approaches. Most diagnostic... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in the field of infectious disease diagnostics have given rise to a number of host- and pathogen-centered diagnostic approaches. Most diagnostic approaches in contemporary infectious disease focus on pathogen detection and characterization. Host-focused diagnostics have recently emerged and are based on detecting the activation of biological pathways that are highly specific to the type of infecting pathogen (e.g., viral, bacterial, protozoan, fungal). Although this progress is encouraging, it is unlikely that any single diagnostic platform will fully address the clinician's need for actionable data with short turnaround times in all settings.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Biomarkers; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Point-of-Care Testing
PubMed: 29414265
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-052716-030320